Which element is not associated with CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)?

Natural surveillance is a key concept in Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) that aims to reduce crime by increasing the visibility of spaces and making it easier for people to observe activities around them. This principle encourages design elements that promote visibility, such as the use of windows, lighting, and open spaces, allowing for greater observation of areas, thereby discouraging criminal activity.

While fences and access control are elements associated with CPTED, as they can help to delineate property boundaries and manage who can enter specific areas, window bars, while potentially offering protection, do not align with the CPTED principles as they may impede natural surveillance and create a fortress-like appearance.

CPTED emphasizes open spaces and visibility to prevent crime rather than making areas feel isolated or heavily fortified, which is why window bars are least aligned with CPTED strategies.